What is the integral of (sqrt(x^4-1))/x ?

The integral of (sqrt(x^4-1))/x is 1/2 (-arctan(sqrt(x^4-1))+sqrt(x^4-1))+C

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integral of (sqrt(x^4-1))/x

\int \frac{x ^{4} - 1}{x} d x

\frac{1}{2} (- arctan (x^{4} - 1) + x^{4} - 1) + C

Solution steps

\int \frac{x ^{4} - 1}{x} d x

Apply u-substitution

= \int \frac{u - 1}{4 u} d u

Take the constant out:

\int a \cdot f (x) d x = a \cdot \int f (x) d x

= \frac{1}{4} \cdot \int \frac{u - 1}{u} d u

Apply u-substitution

= \frac{1}{4} \cdot \int \frac{2 v ^{2}}{v ^{2} + 1} d v

Take the constant out:

\int a \cdot f (x) d x = a \cdot \int f (x) d x

= \frac{1}{4} \cdot 2 \cdot \int \frac{v ^{2}}{v ^{2} + 1} d v

\frac{v ^{2}}{v ^{2} + 1} = - \frac{1}{v ^{2} + 1} + 1

= \frac{1}{4} \cdot 2 \cdot \int - \frac{1}{v ^{2} + 1} + 1 d v

Apply the Sum Rule:

\int f (x) \pm g (x) d x = \int f (x) d x \pm \int g (x) d x

= \frac{1}{4} \cdot 2 (- \int \frac{1}{v ^{2} + 1} d v + \int 1 d v)

\int \frac{1}{v ^{2} + 1} d v = arctan (v)

\int 1 d v = v

= \frac{1}{4} \cdot 2 (- arctan (v) + v)

Substitute back

= \frac{1}{4} \cdot 2 (- arctan (x^{4} - 1) + x^{4} - 1)

Simplify

\frac{1}{4} \cdot 2 (- arctan (x^{4} - 1) + x^{4} - 1) : \frac{1}{2} (- arctan (x^{4} - 1) + x^{4} - 1)

= \frac{1}{2} (- arctan (x^{4} - 1) + x^{4} - 1)

Add a constant to the solution

= \frac{1}{2} (- arctan (x^{4} - 1) + x^{4} - 1) + C

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What is the integral of (sqrt(x^4-1))/x ?
The integral of (sqrt(x^4-1))/x is 1/2 (-arctan(sqrt(x^4-1))+sqrt(x^4-1))+C